Make a Continuous Distribution With Mathematica
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Return to Part III of the course APMA0330
Discontinuous Functions
There are two types of discontinuous functions. There are piecewise functions and functions that are discontinuous at a point. A piecewise function is a function defined by different functions for each part of the range of the entire function. A discontinuous function is a function that has a discontinuity at one or more values mainly because of the denominator of a function is being zero at that points. For example, if the denominator is (x-1), the function will have a discontinuity at x=1.
Using Mathematica, it is easy to plot a piecewise discontinuous function.
An example of a Piecewise function is given below. There are three different functions that have been generated in a single graph. Here are two options: either exclude discontinuities (which is a default option) or connect them (with option Exclusions)
Plot[Piecewise[{{x^2 - 1, x < 1}, {x^3 - 5, 1 < x < 2}, {5 - 2 x, x > 2}}], {x, -3, 5}]
Plot[Piecewise[{{x^2 - 1, x < 1}, {x^3 - 5, 1 < x < 2}, {5 - 2 x, x > 2}}], {x, -3, 5}, Exclusions -> {False}, PlotStyle -> Thick]
 |  |
This code is very similar to the Plot command. The only difference is that you add the Piecewise Command and after this command you enter the different components of the piecewise equation and the range for each of these components.
This code creates a graph that shows all three of the different piecewise components over the range of -3 to 5. Piecewise graphing does not create vertical lines at the boundary lines of each of the piecewise components.
Discontinuous functions can be plotted in Mathematica using the following command.
Plot[1/(x - 1), {x, 0, 2}, PlotStyle->{Thick,Blue}]
The latest version of Mathematica does not generate the vertical line of discontinuity (at x = 1 in our case). It can be added with Epilog
 | We add the vertical line with epilog: line1 = Line[{{1, -11}, {1, 11}}]; | |
| Discontinuous function. | Mathematica code |
Another option is to use GridLines, which is an option for two-dimensional graphics functions that specifies grid lines:
Plot[1/(x - 1), {x, 0, 2}, PlotStyle -> {Thick, Blue}, GridLines -> {{{1, Red}}, None}]
Let's plot a piecewise function: \( f(t) = \begin{cases} t^2 , & \ 0 < t < 2 , \\ 4 - t, & \ 2 < t < 4, \\ 2, & t > 4. \end{cases} \) The function is undefined at the points of discontinuity x = 1 and x = 4.
f[t_] := Piecewise[{{t^2, 0 < t < 2}, {4 - t, 2 < t < 4}}, 2]
f[#] & /@ {2, 1.5, 3.7, 4.2}
{2, 2.25, 0.3, 2}
FindMaxValue[f[x], x]
4.
However,
FindMinValue[f[x], x]
3.08149*10^-33
Since we don't want to see a truncation error, we type
FindMinValue[f[x], x]// Chop
0
Now we plot the function:
Plot[f[t], {t, 0, 10}, PlotRange -> Full]
The same function with the value of 1 at t = 2:
| | f[t_] := Piecewise[{{Piecewise[{{t^2, 0 < t < 2}, {1, t == 2}}], 0 < t <= 2}, {Piecewise[{{4 - t, 2 < t < 4}, {2, t > 4}}], t > 2}}] To show the discrete value at t = 2, we have two options: pts := ListPlot[{{2, 1}}] | |
| Graph of discontinuous function. | Mathematica code. |
| | dp := DiscretePlot[1, {k, 2, 2}] | |
| Graph of discontinuous function. | Mathematica code. |
Graph of discontinuous function.Mathematica code.
We can find limits of this function at the point of discontinuity.
f[t_] = Piecewise[{{t^2, 0 < t < 2}, {1, t == 2}, {4 - t, 2 < t < 4}, {2, t > 4}}];
f[2]
1
Limit[f[x], x -> 2, Direction -> "FromBelow"]
Limit[f[x], x -> 2, Direction -> 1]
4
Limit[f[x], x -> 2, Direction -> "FromAbove"]
Limit[f[x], x -> 2, Direction -> -1]
2
We can redefine a function at one (or discrete number) point. Suppose we have the function \( \displaystyle f(x) = \frac{\left( x-1 \right) (x+3)}{x-1} . \) Mathematica is very smart and knows how to cancel out common terms:
f1[x_] = (x-1)*(x+3)/(x-1)
3 + x
Now we want to redefine our function and set it equal to 1 at x = 1:
f2[x_] = Piecewise[{{f1[x], ! (x == 1)}, {1, x == 1}}]
If you want to figure out the value of this new function at x = 1, type in:
f2[1]
1
Vertical and horizontal lines
When you are graphing discontinuous functions, often times, it can be useful to generate a vertical or horizontal asymptote. To do this, you can use the following commands:
Plot[c,{x,c1,c2}] for horizontal asymptotes. In this command, c is the value of the horizontal asymptote and c1 and c2 are the range of the graph.
Since a vertical line is not a graph of any function, so Plot won't help. However, Mathematica easily handles this challenge, while plotting a horizontal line is straight forward. We present several options to plot vertical lines
- The easiest way is to use Rotate; just plot a horizontal line and then rotate it by π/2:
Rotate[Plot[y[x] = 0, {x, -1, 1}, PlotRange -> {-1, 1}, PlotStyle -> {Thickness[0.01], Red}], Pi/2]
- The command Line is suitable to plot a straight line in any direction, including vertical line.
The option InfiniteLine does not require you to know the plot range. - Epilog is very convenient to implement. While adding lines as Epilog (or Prolog) objects works most cases, the method can easily fail when automated, for example by automatically finding the minimum and maximum of the dataset.
- GridLines option works in all cases.
Plot[{f[x]}, {x, π/15 - 1/20, π/15 + 1/20}, GridLines -> {{π/15 + 1/50, π/15 - 1/50}, {f[π/15], f[π/15]/Sqrt[2]}}, PlotRange -> All]
- Another possibility is to use Ticks:
Plot[{Sin[x], Cos[\[Pi]/3], Sin[\[Pi]/3]/Sqrt[2]}, {x, \[Pi]/3 - .06, \[Pi]/3 + .06}, Ticks -> {{{\[Pi]/3 + 1/20, \[Pi]/3 + 1/20, {0.595, 0}, Directive[Red, Dashed]}, {\[Pi]/3 - 1/20, \[Pi]/3 - 1/20, {0.595, 0}, Directive[Blue, Dashed]}}, All}, PlotRange -> {{0.12, 3}, All}]
It is usually used with >TicksStyle. - Exclusions is a very helpful option when plotting a discontinuous function.
Plot[Tan[x], {x, 0, 6}, Exclusions -> {x == Pi/2, x == 3*Pi/2}, ExclusionsStyle -> Red]
- ContourPlot is great to plot a vertical line.
ContourPlot[x == 0, {x, -1, 1}, {y, -1, 1}, Contours -> {Thick}, ContourStyle -> Red]
- ParametricPlot solves this problem easily:
ParametricPlot[{3, t}, {t, -5, 5}, PlotRange -> 5]
Plot[0, {x, 1, 3}, GridLines -> {{2}, None}]
Mathematica can easily add the vertical line. The range of this function is 1 to 3. Then the command calls for Mathematica to create a straight vertical gridline at x=2. None is part of the command that tells Mathematica to just make it a straight dark, non dashed line.
If you're actually using Plot (or ListPlot, etc.), the easiest solution is to use the GridLines option,
which lets you specify the x- and y-values where you want the lines drawn.
Plot[Cos[x], {x, 0, 2 \[Pi]}, GridLines -> {{0, \[Pi]/2, \[Pi], 3 \[Pi]/2, 2 \[Pi]}, {-1, -Sqrt[3]/2, -1/2, 0, 1/2, Sqrt[3]/2, 1}}]
For the case of horizontal lines when using Plot the easiest trick is to just include additional constant functions
Plot[{Cos[x], .75}, {x, 0, 2 Pi}]
For vertical lines, there's the Epilog option for Plot and ListPlot:
Plot[Sin[x], {x, 0, 2 Pi}, Epilog -> Line[{{Pi/2, -100}, {Pi/2, 100}}]]
Plot[Sin[x], {x, 0, 2 Pi}, Epilog -> {Dashed, Line[{{Pi/2, -100}, {Pi/2, 100}}]}] (*dashed vertical line *)
Another, perhaps even easier, option would be using GridLines:
Plot[{Cos[x]}, {x, 0, Pi}, GridLines -> {{0.5}, {Pi/2}}, PlotRange -> All]
f[x_] := (x^2 z)/((x^2 - y^2)^2 + 4 q^2 x^2) /. {y -> \[Pi]/15, z -> 1, q -> \[Pi]/600}
Plot[{f[x], f[\[Pi]/15],f[\[Pi]/15]/Sqrt[2]}, {x, \[Pi]/15 - .01, \[Pi]/15 + .01}]
Another option to plot horizontal and vertical lines indicating the maximum value.
f[x_] = (x - 2)/(x^2 + 1);
Quiet[maxy = FindMaximum[f[x], {x, 4}]]
lineStyle = {Thick, Red, Dashed};
line1 = Line[{{3.2, 0}, {3.2, maxy[[1]]}}];
line2 = Line[{{6, 0}, {6, maxy[[1]]}}];
Plot[{f[x], f[2 + Sqrt[5]], f[6]}, {x, 2, 10}, PlotStyle -> {Automatic, Directive[lineStyle], Directive[lineStyle]}, Epilog -> {Directive[lineStyle], line1, line2}]
or using GridLines
Plot[{f[x]}, {x, 2, 10}, GridLines -> {{3, 6}, {f[3], f[2 + Sqrt[5]]}}, PlotRange -> All]
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Source: https://www.cfm.brown.edu/people/dobrush/am33/Mathematica/ch1/discount.html
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